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Chapter 4, Lesson 3: Islamic Spain (pp. 95-100)
Framework Concept: Conflict and CultureIn A.D. 756 Umayyad forces established an independent Islamic kingdom in Spain. They developed a thriving cultural center in Cordoba, but by the late 1000s, Christian forces from the north began to push the Muslims south. In 1492, the last of the Muslims was driven out of Spain.
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